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10 CLEAN WATER ACTION
<br /> �� CALIFORNIA
<br /> Human Health Effects from PS and Styrene
<br /> • EPS is made using the monomer, Styrene is a lab animal carcinogen and probable human carcinogen,
<br /> according to the International Agency Research on Carcinogens. 12 US EPA and the US National
<br /> Toxicology Program are currently evaluating the listing of styrene as carcinogen.
<br /> • Over 13 billion pounds of Styrene were produced in the US in 2006, 65% of it was used in manufacturing
<br /> polystyrene.
<br /> • Styrene can migrate from polystyrene containers into food and beverages when heated, or in contact with
<br /> fatty or acidic foods."
<br /> • Styrene residues are found in 100% of all samples of human fat tissue."
<br /> • The Food and Drug Administration has determined that the styrene concentration in bottled drinking water
<br /> should not exceed 0.1 part per million (ppm). The U.S. EPA drinking water standard is 1 ppm.
<br /> • Styrene can be found in air, water, and soil after release from the manufacture, use, and disposal of styrene -
<br /> based products.
<br /> • Styrene exposure increases the risk of leukemia and lymphoma and is a neurotoxin.
<br /> • Workers in polystyrene products manufacturing are exposed to many harmful chemicals, including Styrene,
<br /> Toluene, Xylene, Acetone, Methyl Chloride, and Methyl Ketone.
<br /> • Occupational exposure to Styrene increases risk of lymphoma, leukemia, lung tumors, pancreatic cancer,
<br /> urinary bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. High rates of neurotoxicological effects have
<br /> been reported in workers, including slowed reaction time, effects on balance and spatial orientation, hearing
<br /> problems, concentration problems, and decreased color discrimination. Some studies also show significant
<br /> decrease in sperm count and increased sperm abnormality.'
<br /> ' California Coastal Commission / Miriam Gordon (2006) 'Eliminating Land -based Discharges of Marine Debris in California: A Plan of Action
<br /> from The Plastic Debris Project,' at 2 and 15 www.olasticdebris.orq
<br /> 2 J.G.B. Derraik, 'The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review' Marine Pollution Bulletin 44 (2002): 843; Gregory, M.R.,
<br /> Ryan, P.G'Pelagic plastics and other seaborne persistent synthetic debris: a review of Southern Hemisphere perspectives in Coe, J.M.
<br /> Rogers, D.B. (Eds.), MarineDebris— Sources, Impacts and Solutions, (1997) Springer - Verlag, New York, pp. 4 9-66.
<br /> ' Coastal Commission at 22; H. Kanehiro, T. Tokai, K. Matuda, 'Marine litter composition and distribution on the seabed of Tokyo Bay,'
<br /> Fisheries Engineering 31 (1995): 1 95 -199.
<br /> U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Public and Constituent Affairs. (1999) 'Turning
<br /> to the Sea: America's Ocean Future;' United Nations Environment Programme (1995) 'Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
<br /> Marine Environment from Land -based Activities.' Note by the secretariat. UNEP (OCA) /LBMG.2l7.
<br /> ° S. Moore et al., (2001) 'Composition and Distribution of Beach Debris in Orange County, California,' Marine Pollution Bulletin 42.3: 241-245.
<br /> Plastic pellets used to manufacture plastic products was the most abundant type of debris.
<br /> 6 Saido, K. et al, Presentation at 238 ACS National Meeting, August 22- 26,2009, Washington DC Environ.Divn. 'New contamination derived
<br /> from marine debris plastics.'
<br /> ' Cost information cited from the following: Gordon Environmental Consulting and Ocean Protection Council,t'An Implementation Strategy for
<br /> the California Ocean Protection Council Resolution to Reduce and Prevent Ocean Litter; November 2008, p. 4
<br /> ° City of San Francisco Streets Litter Re -Audit 2008. Available at: htto:I/ sfenvironment .orq /downloads/library /2008 litter audit.pdf.
<br /> a Erlich, R. - Economic Realities of Recycling,' htto :/M1NVnv.americanchemistrv.com /s olasticslsec ofpe.asp 7CID = 1436 3DID =5228#
<br /> 1s California Integrated Waste Management Board (December 2004); Use and Disposal of Polystyrene in California: A Report to the California
<br /> Legislature,' Table 4, Page 14.
<br /> " City of Santa Monica Environmental Programs Division, 'Container Successes,'
<br /> <httol/www.SMoov.net/epd /business /container successes.htm> (Accessed 7121/08).
<br /> 12 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Overall
<br /> Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. Supplement 7. World Health Organization. Lyon,
<br /> France. 1987.
<br /> "Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: ToxFAQs for Styrene, September 2007:
<br /> < httc:/ /www.atsdr.Wc.gov/tfacts53.pdf>; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 'Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans,"
<br /> <http: // monographs. iarc.f rl ENG /Classi6cationlcrthalltist.php>. J.L. O'Donoghue, Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals: Vol. 2,
<br /> CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1985, pages 127 -137.
<br /> 1' Styrene, CASRN: 100-42-5 (Human Health Effects). Toxnet Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine, Revised
<br /> November 1, 1994.
<br /> ' Ibid.
<br /> 16 ASTDR (see note 7)
<br /> " US EPA, Air Taxies Website, ptto:// www. eoa. qov/ ttn/atw /hlthef /stvrene.html#ref3; see also note 7.
<br /> CASRN, note 7.
<br /> f0 CASRN, note 7.
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