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be truly considered to be operating as a "cooperative. " If these requirements are satisfied as to a "storefront" dispensary, then it will be permissible under the MMPA. Otherwise, it will be a violation of both the CUA and the MMPA. QUESTION 2. If the governing body of a city, county, or city and county approves an ordinance authorizing and regulating marijuana dispensaries to implement the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 and the Medical Marijuana Program Act, can an individual board or council member be found to be acting illegally and be subject to federal criminal charges, including aiding and abetting, or state criminal charges? ANSWER 2. If a city, county, or city and county authorizes and regulates marijuana dispensaries, individual members of the legislative bodies may be held criminally liable under state or federal law. ANALYSIS A. Federal Law Generally, legislators of federal, state, and local legislative bodies are absolutely immune from liability for legislative acts. (U.S. Const., art. I, sec. 6 (Speech and Debate Clause, applicable to members of Congress); Fed. Rules Evid., Rule 501 (evidentiary privilege against admission of legislative acts); Tenney v. Brandhove (1951) 341 U.S. 367 (legislative immunity applicable to state legislators); Bogan v. Scott - Harris (1998) 523 U.S. 44 (legislative immunity applicable to local legislators).) However, while federal legislators are absolutely immune from both criminal and civil liability for purely legislative acts, local legislators are only immune from civil liability under federal law. (United States v. Gillock (1980) 445 U.S. 360.) Where the United States Supreme Court has held that federal regulation of marijuana by way of the CSA, including any "medical" use of marijuana, is within Congress' Commerce Clause power, federal law stands as a bar to local action in direct violation of the CSA. (Gonzales v. Raich (2005) 545 U.S. 1.) In fact, the CSA itself provides that federal regulations do not A "cooperative" is defined as follows: An enterprise or organization that is owned or managed jointly by those who use its facilities or services. THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, by Houghton Mifflin Company (4th Ed. 2000). ' Indeed, the same conclusion would seem to result from the adoption by state legislators of the MMPA itself, in authorizing the issuance of medical marijuana identification cards. (Cal. Health & Safety Code secs. 11362.71, et seq.) © 2009 California Police Chiefs Assn. 33 All Rights Reserved