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QUESTION 4. Does approval of such an ordinance open the jurisdictions themselves to civil or criminal liability? ANSWER 4. Approving an ordinance authorizing or regulating marijuana dispensaries may subject the jurisdictions to civil or criminal liability. ANALYSIS Under federal law, criminal liability is created solely by statute. (Dowling v. United States (1985) 473 U.S. 207, 213.) Although becoming more rare, municipalities have been, and still may be, criminally prosecuted for violations of federal law, where the federal law provides not just a penalty for imprisonment, but a penalty for monetary sanctions. (See Green, Stuart P., The Criminal Prosecution ofLocal Governments, 72 N.C. L. Rev. 1197 (1994) (discussion of history of municipal criminal prosecution).) The CSA prohibits persons from engaging in certain acts, including the distribution and possession of Schedule I substances, of which marijuana is one. (21 U.S.C. sec. 841.) A person, for purposes of the CSA, includes "any individual, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, partnership, association, or other legal entity." (21 C.F.R. sec. 1300.01 (34). See also 21 C.F.R. sec. 1301.02 ( "Any term used in this part shall have the definition set forth in section 102 of the Act (21 U. S.C. 802) or part 1300 of this chapter.").) By its very terms, then, the CSA may be violated by a local public entity. If the actions of a local public entity otherwise satisfy the requirements of aiding and abetting a violation of the CSA, as discussed above, then local public entities may, indeed, be subject to criminal prosecution for a violation of federal law. Under either federal or state law, local public entities would not be subject to civil liability for the mere adoption of an ordinance, a legislative act. As discussed above, local legislators are absolutely immune from civil liability for legislative acts under both federal and state law. In addition, there is specific immunity under state law relating to any issuance or denial of permits. QUESTION 5. Does the issuance of a business license to a marijuana dispensary involve any additional civil or criminal liability for a city or county and its elected governing body? ANSWER 5. Local public entities will likely not be liable for the issuance of business licenses to marijuana dispensaries that plan to dispense crude marijuana as medicine. © 2009 California Police Chiefs Assn. 38 All Rights Reserved