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Unclassified Resolutions The majority of the 160 incidents (90 [56.3%]) ended on the shooter's initiative— sometimes when the shooter committed suicide or stopped shooting, and other times when the shooter fled the scene. There were at least 25 incidents where the shooter fled the scene before police arrived. In 4 additional incidents, at least 5 shooters fled the scene and were still at large at the time the study results were released. In other incidents, it was a combination of actions by citizens and/or law enforcement that ended the shootings. In at least 65 (40.6%) of the 160 incidents, citizen engagement or the shooter committing suicide ended the shooting at the scene before law enforcement arrived. Of those; ■ In 37 incidents (23.1%), the shooter committed suicide at the scene before police arrived. ■ In 21 incidents (13.1%), the situation ended after unarmed citizens safely and success- fully restrained the shooter. In 2 of those incidents '24 3 off-duty law enforcement officers were present and assisted. Of note, I1 of the incidents involved unarmed principals, teachers, other school staff and students who confronted shooters to end the threat (9 of those shooters In 6 instances were students). the Shooter e In 5 incidents (3.1%), the shooting ended after armed individuals who were not law enforcement personnel exchanged gunfire with the shooters. In these incidents, 3 shoot- was female; ers were killed, 1 was wounded, and I committed suicide. all others The individuals involved in these shootings included a citizen with a valid firearms permit and armed security guards at a church, an airline counter, a federally were male. managed museum, and a school board meeting 21 ■ In 2 incidents (1.3%), 2 armed, off-duty police officers engaged the shooters, result- ing in the death of the shooters. In 1 of those incidents, the off-duty officer assisted a responding officer to end the threat." Even when law enforcement arrived quickly, many times the shooter still chose to end his life. In 17 (10.6%) of the 160 incidents, the shooter committed suicide at the scene after law enforcement arrived but before officers could act. In 45 (28.1 %) of the 160 incidents, law enforcement and the shooter exchanged gunfire. Of those 45 incidents, the shooter was killed at the scene in 21, killed at another location in 4, wounded in 9, committed suicide in 9, and surrendered in 2. 24 Santana High School, March S,2001; Appalachian School of Law, January 16, 2002.(See A edocA. 25 Playe fs Bar and Grill, May 25,2008; Tom Bradley International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airpor4July 4, 2002; Youth with a Miss ion Training Center/New We Church, December9, 2007; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,June 10, 2009; Panama City School Board Meeting, December 14,2010, Shooter wounded. 26 AT&TtYireless, May 27,2010;Tmlley Square Mall, February 12, 2007. Unclassified 11