|
Unclassified
<br />Appendix B:
<br />ztfflil..*
<br />The agreed upon definition of an active shooter by U.S. government agencies—including
<br />the White House, U.S. Department of Justice/FBI, U.S. Department of Education, and
<br />U.S. Department of Homeland Security/Federal Emergency Management Agency—is
<br />"an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and
<br />populated area."33 The FBI extends this definition to include individuals, because more
<br />than one shooter could be involved in some incidents. Implicit in the definition is that
<br />the subject's criminal actions undertaken include the use of a firearm. Though the federal
<br />definition includes the word confined, the FBI excluded this word when considering active
<br />shooter incidents. This is because the term confined could be interpreted to omit incidents
<br />that occurred outside a building, when in actuality, many incidents originated outside or
<br />progressed from indoors to outdoors, or vice -versa, or occurred entirely along a route of
<br />travel or at various locations.
<br />The FBI developed discriminating factors to further differentiate potential active shooter
<br />incidents, considering for inclusion:
<br />■ Shootings in public places;
<br />■ Shootings occurring at more than one location;
<br />■ Shootings where the shooters' actions did not appear to be another criminal act;
<br />in Shootings resulting in a mass killing;
<br />■ Shootings indicating an apparent spontaneity by the shooter;
<br />■ Shootings where the shooters appeared to methodically search for potential victims; or
<br />■ Shootings that appeared focused on injury to people, not buildings or objects.
<br />Because the risk to civilians inactive shooter incidents appears to do with the appar-
<br />ent randomness of so many victims, for purposes of this study, an event was excluded if
<br />research established it involved primarily the following factors:
<br />In Conflicts arising from self-defense;
<br />Is Gang violence;
<br />m Contained residential or domestic disputes;
<br />■ Controlled barricade/hostage situations;
<br />■ Crossfire as a byproduct of another ongoing criminal act; or
<br />■ Drug violence.
<br />To evaluate appropriate incidents to include and exclude, the FBI reviewed published
<br />studies and research articles on actual shooting incidents or related research conducted by
<br />other government agencies, appointed gubernatorial panels, local advisory commissions,
<br />and other public and private entities 34 Using the federal definition of active shooter and the
<br />33 Federal Bureau ofInvestigation,CriticaI Incident Response Group, Active Shooter Event/Mass Casualty Events, November2013, Intp./Mmu i.
<br />oov'�abqut--tsi rinolacfiyr�o�-an ss-cas altLrifitlents DHSActwe Shooter Pocket Guide, hap;(Iwwwdbs.gov/sites/defa lV leloub tin s/
<br />active shooter pocket card 50400.
<br />34 John Paparazzo, Christine Eith, JenniferToccr, Strategic Approaches to Preventing Multiple Casualty Violence: Report on the National Summit on
<br />Multiple Casualty Shootings, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2D13; Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers,
<br />Impact Report U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2013; Hon. William H. Erickson, Chairman, The Report of Governor Bill Owens'Columbine Review
<br />Commission, State of Colorado, May 2001; ChidThomas G. Longo, Recommendations to the Florida Board of Governors Based Uponthe Recommendations
<br />of the Florida Gubernatorial Task Force on Campus Safety, Florida University Chiefs of Police, March 2008; Mayor Scott Jackson, Sandy Hook Advisory
<br />Commission Interim Report of Endings, Sandy Hook Advisory Commission, March 2013; Federal Bureau of Investigation, Critical Incident Response Group,
<br />Active Shooter Eyent/Mass Casualty Events, November 2013;1. Pete Blair, M. Hunter Marta! no ale, Terry Nichols, FBI, Law Enforcement Bulletin: Active
<br />Shooter Events fiom 2000 to 2012, January 2014; Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), Critical Issues In Policing Series, The Po [ice Response to Active
<br />Shooter Incidents, March 2014.
<br />Unclassified 44
<br />
|