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Unclassified <br />Introduction <br />In 2013, the president signed into law the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes <br />Act of 2012, which granted the attorney general the authority to assist in the investiga- <br />tion of "violent acts and shootings occurring in a place of public use" and in the investi- <br />gation of "mass killings and attempted mass killings at the request of an appropriate law <br />enforcement official of a state or political subdivision."' <br />To provide further clarity on these threats, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) <br />in 2014 initiated a study of "active shooter" incidents'. The goal of the FBI study is to <br />provide federal, state, and local law enforcement with data so they can better understand <br />how to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from these incidents. <br />Active shooter is a term used by law enforcement to describe a situation in which a shoot- <br />ing is in progress and an aspect of the crime may affect the protocols used in responding <br />to and reacting at the scene of the incident. Unlike a defined crime, such as a murder or <br />mass killing, the active aspect inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and <br />citizens have the potential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses. <br />1 Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012, 28 USC 530C(b)(1)(M)(1). <br />2 The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting system does not a plum data specific to active shooters but nth eris data derived from more than 18,000 city, <br />university/college, country, state, tribal, and federal law enforce mentagencies that voluntarily report monthly on criminal activity in the! rjurisdictions. <br />Unclassified <br />