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19 | P a g e City of San Leandro, CA Fiber Master Plan the physical wires to each household. This started with telephone companies, which deployed twisted-pair copper telephone lines. The second wire came from television companies in the form of coaxial cable. Later satellite and wireless phone companies provided video and voice, with more flexibility to mobile and remote devices using radio waves. Beginning in the mid-1990s these companies repurposed their infrastructures to connect to the internet and carry digital content. Infrastructure built on the older technologies described above is aging and results in slower, less reliable access to content. Capacity limits of this infrastructure limit service providers’ ability to reliably provide high speeds, and in turn, the amount of data consumers can use is also limited. Fiber provides the robust infrastructure that connects telephone, cable and internet infrastructure between communities and around the world. It was originally used by telecommunications for their core infrastructure, to connect their major switching centers, and was only available to their biggest corporate and institutional customers. Today, fiber-optic networks serve homes and businesses throughout the world providing telephone and television as well as internet access services. The next section describes internet access technologies in more detail. Dial-Up Access Though not defined as a broadband technology due to speed and bandwidth limitations, dial-up access still exists. Dial-up internet access uses the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish an analog connection from a computer to an internet service provider (ISP). The computer connects via a modem by dialing a telephone number on a conventional telephone line and translating digital data into an analog signal. Figure 9. How Broadband Connects Us