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Santa Clara, California Population (2014): 116,468 Area: 18.407 sq mi Population Density: 6,300/sq mi The network originated in a desire of the city's municipal electric utility to support Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Santa Clara Free Wi-Fi is a joint venture between the city and the city -owned utility. While the AMI implementation totaled $11 million, the Wi-Fi implementation cost $2 million, which included $800,000 in fiber-optic extension with operating costs of approximately $200,000. The utility's fiber network provides the backhaul for approximately 600 access points placed on city light poles and facilities. The network is divided between utility/city use, and public use. Customer speeds are capped at 3 Mbps. Santa Monica, California Population (2010): 89,736 Area: 8.415 sq mi Population Density: 11,000/sq mi The City Wi-Fi network was preceded by the implementation of the city -owned fiber network for business connections. Earnings from the fiber network provided funding for implementation of the wireless network. The fiber network is also used for backhauling data. The network currently consists of over 550 access points and is deployed to cover transit and commercial corridors as well as other popular areas including the beach, boardwalk, business improvement districts and parks. Most access points are linked directly to the fiber network which provides higher quality of service, and speeds of up to 8 Mbps symmetrical. The city's initial goals have been achieved in that there have been benefits for business districts, public safety, and city needs and functions. The network supports development and deployment of mobile apps which provide information relevant to citizens and visitors such as real-time parking availability, and a sense of place with a different internet launch page depending on where the person is on the network. Capital cost for network implementation was approximately $500,000, and annual operating costs are approximately $100,000. Additional Cities —Wireless Implementations Boston, Massachusetts Population (2016 Estimate): 673,184 Area: 89.63 sq mi Population Density: 14, 024/sq mi The "Wicked Free Wi-Fi" network implementation followed several years of discussion and planning to address the digital divide. Partial funding for the network came from a grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 2011, for redevelopment. The project began in 2014 with installation of 70 access points in a low-income neighborhood. The network relies upon the city's existing fiber network ("BoNet") for backhaul. Public Wi-Fi has also been installed in many of Boston's downtown locations and business districts for economic development purposes. The city carefully plans access point locations to be able to rely upon the city's fiber network in an economical fashion. The Wicked Free Wi-Fi network can be expanded as the city's fiber network expands to obtain economical backhaul capability. Beyond that, the network also uses and leverages other existing city infrastructure to the extent possible. 152