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EXHIBIT “C” - Appendix “B” <br /> Common Tree Characteristics/Defects <br /> <br />TC/D CODE# <br /> #1 History of Failure- Trees that have failed in the past tends to do so again. This is true for <br />individual trees, as well as for trees within a stand. On individual trees, Check for broken stubs, <br />split out limbs; in stands, look for fallen trees. <br />#2 Recent Exposure- Trees that used to be protected by other vegetation or structures are more likely to fail if their neighbors are removed. <br /> #3 Dead Branches- Dead branches quickly decay, making them more likely to break out of the tree. <br /> #4 Limbs With Poor Taper/End Weight- These limbs tend to break. <br />#5 Cracks- Cracks in branches and trunks indicate areas of weakness. <br /> #6 Bark- Loss of bark, esp. in non-uniform patterns; trunk injuries, buckled bark, horizontal <br />cracks and “popping off” of pieces may indicate wood under tension or compression. Internal <br />cracks may be indicated by bulges and ridges in the bark. <br />#7 Decay- Decayed wood is present. Look for discoloration, conks, mushrooms, cavities. #8 Root Injury- Trees with root rot or severed roots (construction, sidewalk repair) are likely to <br />fail. #9 Crooks- Crooks are formed primarily as a result of pruning. Branches with crooks tend to <br />break. <br />#10 Seams- A seam is a line formed by included bark at branch junctions, or when two edges of <br />wound wood meet at the center of a wound (behind which there may be decay). <br />#11 Clustered Scaffold Branches (poor vertical distribution) - where several scaffold branches <br />of similar size arise from one level. <br />#12 Poor Branch Attachment - Narrow Angles and Excessive Angles- Branches with narrow angles of attachment that do not form connective tissue between the branch and trunk tend to split out, or branches with excessive angles of attachment that have an inherit weakness due to crown <br />weight. Also included are “water sprouts” that develop as a result of heading back. #13 Lack of Basal Flare- Lack of flare may indicate fill soil has been placed around trunk. The <br />tree should be checked further for decay in the buttress roots. #14 Site Changes- Changes such as introduction of irrigation, or placement of fill soil, can <br />increase the potential for a tree to fail. #15 Lean- Natural lean that has other contributing factors such as; excessive top weight or <br />unbalanced canopy, or decay may increase the likelihood of failure. <br />#16 Health and Vigor- Lack of general health and vigor may indicate tree defects. <br />563