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<br /> 24 | P a g e <br />City of San Leandro, CA <br />Fiber Master Plan <br />to antenna as the device moves. 4G can move data at 12/5 Mbps, but speeds in the Kbps <br />range are more common. Cellular data connections are most commonly used with <br />smartphones, or with computers via cellular network interface card. Many smartphones <br />can act as Wi-Fi hotspots or tether to computers via Bluetooth. <br />The next generation of wireless networks, 5G, are being designed and developed, with <br />forecasted commercial availability in 2020 and an increased maturity of the network in <br />approximately 2035. 5G networks operate multiple frequencies (i.e., 5-GHz, 60-GHz, <br />0.47-0.71 GHz) and will utilize millimeter wavelengths. 5G networks will operate on the <br />IEEE 802.11ac, 802.11ad, and 802.11af standards, also known as Gigabit Wi-Fi and are <br />expected to provide download/upload speeds up to 1 Gbps, which depends on the <br />number of connections. The networks are designed to provide increased efficiencies <br />while decreasing latency, and are designed for improving the performance of connected <br />devices that define the IoT. In particular, network architectures with an emphasis on <br />massive multiple input multiple output technologies (MIMO) and device-to-device (D2D) <br />communications. For example, autonomous vehicles, healthcare technologies (such as <br />blood glucose monitoring), ultra-high-definition video, virtual reality with many more <br />network designs architectures and other applications. With 5G networks being <br />heterogeneous, it must include macrocells, microcells, small cells and relays. <br />Satellite <br /> <br />Satellite internet uses licensed radio spectrum to send data from and to anywhere on <br />Earth. The signals go on a 46,000-mile roundtrip from earth-bound devices through the <br />atmosphere via the satellite and back to earth to another computing device. These radio <br />signals have limited capacity and thus the connections tend to be slow. Because of the <br />distance the signal must travel, satellite transmissions are susceptible to weather. <br />Satellite should be considered a last resort for all but the most rural and remote areas. <br />Areas with a high adoption of satellite generally indicates a need for better service. Today, <br />the federal government finds that no satellite broadband service meets the 25/3 Mbps <br />threshold of broadband. <br /> <br />Modern 21st Century Networks <br /> <br />Modern 21st century networks are comprised of a combination of technologies, not just <br />one. Fiber is used in nearly all modern networks as it carries the most “data” and <br />bandwidth when compared to other access technologies. Fiber is used not only for last <br />mile access, but also as a middle-mile technology that carries data from cell towers, Wi- <br />Fi hotspots, and other networks. Fiber is the backbone of the internet. <br /> <br />Wireless also plays a role in a modern network. Wireless access takes many forms <br />including cellular, fixed wireless, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, and many others. <br />Wireless offers a mobile or untethered experience that fiber cannot. However, the trade-