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<br /> 89 | P a g e <br />City of San Leandro, CA <br />Fiber Master Plan <br />only access to the Internet but also the availability of hardware and software; relevant <br />content and services; and training for the digital literacy skills required for effective use of <br />information and communication technologies.”65 <br /> <br />The Digital Divide, meanwhile, is understood to be the gap between those members of <br />society with access to modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and <br />those without it.66 For practical reasons, the San Leandro Smart City Strategy will <br />consider lack of residential broadband internet access, whether because it is unavailable <br />or, just as likely, it is unaffordable, to be the defining characteristic of the Digital Divide in <br />San Leandro. While some may suggest that smartphones can be a substitute for home <br />broadband, Pew Research found that cellular and smartphone service doesn’t bridge the <br />Digital Divide for these individuals and families still face constraints in doing things such <br />as online research, filling out job applications, accessing and reading content that is not <br />mobile-friendly, and more.67 For students, whether in K-12 or higher education, this lack <br />of home internet can manifest itself as the “Homework Gap.” The Benton Foundation has <br />called the Digital Divide the “number-one threat to community and economic development <br />in the 21st century.”68 <br /> <br />Regarding computer ownership, 88.8% of San Leandro residents have a computer or <br />handheld device, which is just below the 89.7% at the state level.69 <br /> <br /> <br />However, only 77.6% of households have a broadband internet subscription, which is less <br />than the 81.3% at the state level.70 To put that another way, 22.4% of San Leandrans do <br />not have a home broadband subscription. While some fraction of this subset may be <br /> <br />65 https://www.imls.gov/assets/1/AssetManager/BuildingDigitalCommunities_Framework.pdf <br />66 .https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/digital-divide <br />67 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/03/smartphones-help-those-without-broadband-get-online- <br />but-dont-necessarily-bridge-the-digital-divide/ <br />68 https://www.benton.org/headlines/2015-digital-divide-index <br />69 https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml <br />70 https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml <br />Figure 39. San Leandro Computer Ownership