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The Digital Divide, meanwhile, is understood to be the gap between those members of society with access to modern information and communication technologies (ICT) and those without It.66 For practical reasons, the San Leandro Smart City Strategy will consider lack of residential broadband internet access, whether because it is unavailable or, just as likely, it is unaffordable, to be the defining characteristic of the Digital Divide in San Leandro. While some may suggest that smartphones can be a substitute for home broadband, Pew Research found that cellular and smartphone service doesn't bridge the Digital Divide for these individuals and families still face constraints in doing things such as online research, filling out job applications, accessing and reading content that is not mobile -friendly, and more .67 For students, whether in K-12 or higher education, this lack of home internet can manifest itself as the "Homework Gap." The Benton Foundation has called the Digital Divide the "number -one threat to community and economic development in the 21st century.1168 Regarding computer ownership, 88.8% of San Leandro residents have a computer or handheld device, which is just below the 89.7% at the state level.69 Figure 39, Son I eandro Computer OVInership Subject San Leandro ciit,, �alliiForniva Total Percent Estimate Margin of Estimate IPvllaiprglin of Error Error Totall households 32,325... +f 2,03C1 (x) (x) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lf` IPE5 COIF COMPUTER -------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Has , C baYYi inter' 2.8,708 +/-1,,681 88.3% +/-2.9 ......................... U�eskto- oir Ila to 26,35+4+/-1_594 81.5% +./...3.. Desktop oir Il.aptop alone 3,840 +/-881 11.9% +/-2.6 IHandlhaeld corn Dater 24,379 + 1,523- 75.4% +/-3.5 Y Iaindheldll coo uter �alaine 1,791 �+/-716 5.5 +/-2.1 Otlher c tear 3 5'55 11.0 t/-3.15 Other com7 uter alkane- 319 It/71e9" +/-4.04 1.0 +1-g.2 No computer 3,617 +/-1.,0_4511.2 +/-2,.9 However, only 77.6% of households have a broadband internet subscription, which is less than the 81.3% at the state level.70 To put that another way, 22.4% of San Leandrans do not have a home broadband subscription. While some fraction of this subset may be ss https://www.imis.gov/assets/1/Asset Manager/BuildingDigitalCommunities_Framework.pdf ae .https:Hwhatis.techtarget.com/definition/digital-divide 67 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/03/smartphones-help-those-without-broadband-get-online- but-dont-necessarily-bridge-the-d igita I -divide/ es https://www.benton.org/headlines/2015-digital-divide-index 69 'ntt a ;. �'a":9fi �'II'tl��i "4.fii I'tl ;4. ;... T�� 'a":9fii I'tla":9� �' a":9 .. i I I' dex.xl'tltrnI ................1............../.../..................................................................................................g............../............................./...................../.1........../..I............t............/...................................................................... 70 11. 'a:�c �'iln�i l.c ln;u.�;...c�w �'a:�c ; Ina:�w ';�' ; i ndex.xl�ntrnI 1............................................................................................................................../............................./...................../.1........../..I............t.................................................................................. 901 Page City of San Leandro, CA Fiber Master Plan