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<br /> <br /> Bay Area Clean Water Agencies | City of San Leandro Final Report | 27 <br />9 Emerging Technologies <br />The recommendations presented in the prior sections are generally based on established <br />technologies that can utilize process automation and process control to meet nutrient discharge <br />limitations. These established technologies were used because there is a wealth of information <br />related to facilities costs and sizing which are important for planning purposes. Nevertheless, there <br />are many innovative technologies that could also be considered. <br />Innovative technologies offer the potential to provide nutrient removal at a reduced footprint and/or a <br />lower cost. However, many of these technologies are too early in their development for full-scale <br />consideration. Rather, bench-scale, pilot-scale and/or demonstration-scale testing would be prudent <br />to confirm process benefits and further explore potential cost and footprint savings. For planning <br />purposes, pilot studies can commonly represent approximately 1 percent of project costs. <br />The following two innovative technologies were specifically identified for future consideration at the <br />SLWPCP: <br /> Granular Activated Sludge – this could be used to phase out the biotower/activated sludge. The <br />application of granular sludge means process tankage requirements are reduced which reduces <br />overall costs. One supplier, Nereda, has large full-scale installations overseas in the Netherlands <br />and South Africa; however, there are currently no full-scale installations in North America. <br /> Advantages: Low footprint requirements, energy efficient, ability to remove ammonia, TN, <br />and TP. <br /> Disadvantages: No installations in North America. <br /> Potential Next Steps: Determine footprint requirements and estimated cost of full-scale <br />system and consider pilot or demonstration testing. <br /> Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) – this aeration technology could replace the <br />aeration system within the existing aeration basins. The membrane is used to deliver air (inside- <br />out) and the activated sludge biology resides as a biofilm on the membrane. The biology takes <br />up the air as it is delivered through the membrane. This configuration has been shown to use <br />more or less all the provided air and thus results in a compact footprint. The benefit to the <br />SLWPCP is it has the potential to not require basin expansion for Levels 2 or 3. There are a few <br />suppliers with several on-going piloting studies. However, there are currently no full-scale <br />installations in North America. <br /> Advantages: Low footprint requirements, energy efficient, ability to remove ammonia, TN, <br />and TP. <br /> Disadvantages: No installations in North America. <br /> Potential Next Steps: Determine footprint requirements and cost of full-scale system and <br />consider pilot or demonstration testing. <br />