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Consulting Services Agreement between City of San Leandro and Last revised 04/17/2023 Terraphase Engineering for Sea Level Rise Master Plan Exhibit A – Page 7 of 13 • Stakeholder Engagement: Outreach to key stakeholders is critical to understanding vulnerabilities and selecting appropriate strategies for the community and local stakeholders. In addition, broader political support will be needed for many implementation strategies proposed, particularly regulatory in nature. • Tools for Resource Support: This element of the adaptation strategy will provide guidance on using existing resources (technical assistance programs and funding) and identify possibilities for new resources to support adaptation implementation actions. • Implementation Steps/Measures: Utilizing identified vulnerabilities and regional climate change adaptation goals and objectives, an inventory of recommended climate change adaptation strategies and steps will be provided that can be employed immediately and over time to reduce impacts. Measures will be identified that are relevant for both shoreline and inland areas and long term adaptation pathways will be presented. Considerations will include capital intensity, risk reduction potential, flexibility, and equity, as well as local, state, and regional policies. • State and Federal Policies: There may be planning, policy, or regulatory initiatives at both the state and federal level that may require change for local municipalities to adapt to climate changes. Regulations/laws that we anticipate a need to review include, but are not limited to, federal and state wetlands legislation and the State Building Code. The Terraphase Team will develop draft adaptation strategies for the identified key planning issues from past vulnerability assessments (San Leandro Climate Vulnerability Assessment 2017, San Leandro Climate Action Plan 2021) and based on recent regional guidance documentation (e.g., SFEI Adaptation Atlas). An updated shoreline SLR vulnerability assessment will also be conducted as part of this project to identify additional underlying vulnerabilities within the City that were not previously considered. Maintaining the status quo or doing nothing can also result in expenditures and impacts to City shoreline resources. Adaptation strategies will be compared against maintaining the status quo option. General adaptation strategies are described below as defined by the California Coastal Commission (2015). It is anticipated that many recommended strategies and implementation actions will consider the following major categories of adaptation: • Protection – Protection strategies refer to those strategies that employ some sort of engineered structure or other measure to defend resources/infrastructure in its current location. Protection strategies can be further divided into “hard” and “soft” defensive measures or armoring. o “Hard” armoring refers to engineered structures such as seawalls, revetments, and bulkheads that defend against coastal hazards like wave impacts, erosion, and flooding. o “Soft” armoring refers to the use of nature-based solutions or “green” infrastructure like beaches, dune systems, wetlands, and other systems to buffer coastal areas. • Accommodation – Accommodation strategies refer to those strategies that employ methods that modify existing developments or design new developments to decrease hazard risks and thus increase the resiliency of development to the impacts of SLR. Flood-proofing and relocation of vulnerable utilities to higher elevation are examples of accommodation. • Retreat – Retreat strategies are those strategies that relocate or remove existing development out of hazard areas and limit the construction of new development in vulnerable areas. These strategies include land use designations and zoning ordinances that encourage building in more resilient areas or gradually removing and relocating existing development. Acquisition and buy-out programs, transfer of development rights programs, and removal of structures are examples of strategies designed to encourage managed retreat.