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City of San Leandro 2023-2031 Housing Element Update 3-46 which were originally used for agriculture. Most of these wells are dormant, and those that are still active are used for landscape irrigation and industry.38 Long-range water supply and demand management plans are included in EBMUD’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). The UWMP includes provisions for water rationing during drought periods, as well as aggressive measures for conservation and wastewater recycling. The UWMP also addresses system maintenance and replacement, including projects to protect the reliability of the water supply in the event of an earthquake or fire, including a seismic improvement project to strengthen the Lake Chabot Dam. The City of San Leandro and EBMUD jointly implement water conservation and efficiency programs.39 Residents of Alameda County and San Leandro are presently experiencing an Exceptional Drought.40 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines Exceptional Drought as the following:  Fields are left fallow; orchards are removed; vegetable yields are low  Honey harvest is small  Fire season is very costly; number of fires and area burned are extensive  Fish rescue and relocation begins; pine beetle infestation occurs  Forest mortality is high; wetlands dry up  Survival of native plants and animals is low  Fewer wildflowers bloom  Wildlife death is widespread  Algae blooms This report indicates that water supply in the Bay Area region is severely constrained and limited. According to the San Leandro Climate Action Plan, in an early century drought (2023 to 2042), the city could experience a drop in average precipitation from an average of 19.0 inches per year to an average of 16.7 inches per year, which would lower baseflows in streams from an average of 4.9 inches per day to 3.7 inches per day.41 EBMUD adopted a Water Conservation Strategic Plan which compares the total water supply sources available to EBMUD with the long-term total projected water use over the next 30 years, in five-year increments, for a normal water year, a single dry water year, and a drought lasting five consecutive years. As there is significant uncertainty in forecasting into the future, EBMUD considers a variety of scenarios in its long-term planning. Residential demand in the EBMUD service area since July 2014 is significantly less than the assumed based on the UWMP. Although current actual demand is lower than estimated demand in the UWMP due to the recent multi-year drought and the downturn in the economy, the UWMP estimate reflects a reasonable expectation for growth over the long term and water demand to year 2035.42 38 City of San Leandro Community Services and Facilities Element. 2016. Available: https://www.sanleandro.org/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=26258. Accessed October 28, 2021 39 City of San Leandro Community Services and Facilities Element. 2016. Available: https://www.sanleandro.org/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=26258. Accessed October 31, 2021 40 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Integrated Drought Information System. 2021. Available: https://www.drought.gov/states/california/county/alameda. Accessed October 28, 2021 41 CalAdapt Extended Drought Scenarios. 2021. Available: https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extended-drought/. Accessed October 28, 2021 42 https://www.sanleandro.org/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=26286