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16 CITY OF SAN LEANDRO EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN • High: occurring every 1-10 years • Medium: occurring every 10-50 years • Low: occurring at intervals greater than 50 years * In the LHMP, extreme heat is qualified as low probability. In recent years, extreme heat has become more prevalent, as outlined in the City of San Leandro Climate Action Plan vulnerability assessment.13,14 ** Not profiled in the LHMP but considered a significant hazard by the City of San Leandro EOP Planning Team. Table 4: Hazard Analysis Summary Dam Failure Dams are manufactured structures built for various uses, including flood protectfon, power generatfon, agriculture, water supply, and recreatfon. Significant, even catastrophic flooding can occur in valley areas downstream of major dams in the event of complete or partfal dam failure. These incidents are extremely rare due to the stringent design and permitting requirements for dam constructfon and operatfon. However, if prolonged rainfall and flooding exceed the design requirements, that structure may be overtopped or fail. As outlined in the LHMP, significant portfons of the City of San Leandro would be flooded in the event of complete dam failure at the Lake Chabot or Upper San Leandro Reservoirs. Flood water from a dam failure could reach the City’s western portfon in under 25 minutes, producing catastrophic damage and casualtfes. The dams at both reservoirs have been seismically strengthened during the last 30 years, making the risk of failure extremely low. Drought A drought is a gradual phenomenon that occurs over several dry years, depletfng reservoirs and groundwater basins without the expected annual recharge from winter precipitatfon. In recent years, droughts have occurred with increased frequency and duratfon, impactfng human water consumptfon, agricultural and hydroelectric productfon, and other economic drivers. During drought, air and water quality are reduced, and some individuals may see a decrease in sanitatfon and hygiene due to limited water supplies. This can lead to the spread of infectfous diseases or the consumptfon of improperly cleaned food. Water restrictfons may be implemented to support water conservatfon efforts when water supply issues become increasingly scarce. During past drought events, San Leandro has enacted water ratfoning and promoted alternatfve measures to conserve water. Earthquake Earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates slip past each other beneath the earth’s surface, causing sudden and rapid shaking of the surrounding ground. In additfon to ground shaking, earthquakes may cause secondary emergencies, including liquefactfon, dam and levee failures, tsunamis and seiches, hazardous material incidents, fires, and landslides. The Hayward Fault runs directly through San Leandro, parallel to Highway 580 and Highway 880. An earthquake on the Hayward Fault would significantly impact the City of San Leandro and could lead to further disasters such as liquefactfon, tsunamis, and earthquake-induced landslides. The San Andreas Fault, located approximately 14 13 https://www.sanleandro.org/984/Climate-Actfon-Plan 14 https://www.sanleandro.org/DocumentCenter/View/6496/San-Leandro-Climate-Vulnerability-Assessment-2020