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17 CITY OF SAN LEANDRO EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN miles west of the City, could produce an earthquake with similar damage to the City as the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Extreme Heat The San Francisco Bay Area can experience extreme heat days, typically defined as a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90F for at least two to three days. Extreme heat days pose a public health threat, causing symptoms such as exhaustfon, heat cramps, and sunstroke. Elderly persons, small children, those on certain medicatfons or drugs, and persons with weight and alcohol problems are partfcularly susceptfble to heat reactfons. Extreme heat events tend to occur during the summer months on a regional basis and can happen in any portfon of the City of San Leandro. Climate change is expected to increase ambient average air temperature, partfcularly in the summer. The frequency, intensity, and duratfon of extreme heat events and heat waves are also likely to increase in associatfon with regional climate impacts. Historically, the San Francisco Bay Area experiences four extreme heat days yearly. Flood Potentfal flooding hazards in San Leandro are associated with overbank flooding of creeks and drainage canals, tfdal flooding from San Francisco Bay, ponding and sheet flow runoff, and rising sea levels. The City of San Leandro is primarily susceptfble to flooding during winter when it receives most of its rainfall. Although isolated flooding has occurred in San Leandro, there are no repetftfve loss propertfes in the City of San Leandro. However, areas of the City are susceptfble to localized flooding due to heavy rains or winter storms. Floods can cause injuries and death, damage structures, disrupt utflitfes, and isolate communitfes. In additfon to rising water levels, flooding causes pavement deterioratfon, washouts, landslides/mudslides, scattered debris, and downed trees. Levee Failure San Leandro has no levees due to land adjacent to the bay lying above sea level. San Leandro’s shoreline has been armored with rip rap to ensure that bay water does not erode the shoreline. Landslide In the San Francisco Bay Area, landslides typically occur as a result of earthquakes or during heavy and sustained rainfall events. An area’s susceptfbility depends on geology, topography, vegetatfon, and hydrology. Landslides can cause injuries and death, damage structures, disrupt utflitfes, and isolate communitfes. Portfons of the City east of Highway I-580 are at the most significant risk for weather-induced landslides. The City of San Leandro has not experienced any earthquake-induced landslides, but landslides associated with atmospheric river weather events have occurred. Sea Level Rise Rising sea level is a developing, global issue that will contfnue to impact San Leandro throughout the 21st century. A significant rise in sea level due to global warming is likely to affect the ecology of San Leandro’s shoreline marshes significantly. It could also increase erosion along the waterfront and raise the hazard of tfdal flooding along Neptune Drive and nearby streets.